This research improves electric resistance welding by modelling heat transfer and weld formation physics. By identifying and controlling the weld point location, it replaces trial-and-error with predictive engineering rules. The work enables stronger, safer pipelines, supporting the adoption of advanced materials needed for reliable infrastructure in a clean energy future.

Achieving a carbon-free future requires not only renewable energy generation but also major upgrades to electricity transmission. This research develops electrostatic generators that produce high-voltage DC power more efficiently and sustainably than current technologies. By reducing costs and reliance on rare materials, the work supports grid expansion and large-scale decarbonisation.