This research investigates the universe’s “missing” ordinary matter using Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) as cosmic probes. By measuring how FRB signals are delayed while traveling through space, the study reveals that far more matter exists between galaxies than previously estimated, accounting for the long-standing missing baryon problem.

Dark matter makes up most of the universe but cannot be directly observed. This research studies how dark matter halos evolve using cosmological simulations and the principle of maximum entropy. Results show halo entropy increases over time, indicating their evolution toward equilibrium follows fundamental thermodynamic principles.