This research challenges the long-standing assumption that brain regions causing no errors during awake brain surgery are functionally unimportant. By measuring subtle delays in speech rather than errors alone, it introduces causal parametric mapping, offering surgeons a more sensitive way to preserve language function and improve patient outcomes.

Brain surgeons struggle to distinguish tumor from healthy tissue in real time, risking life-altering surgical mistakes. This research uses polarimetric imaging and machine-learning algorithms to reveal tumor borders instantly by analysing subtle differences in tissue structure. Faster, clearer, real-time imaging could revolutionise brain surgery and dramatically improve patient outcomes.