This research challenges traditional views of Hellenism as a one-way imposition of Greek culture after Alexander’s conquests. Using ancient sources, it shows that indigenous populations actively selected, adapted, and blended Greek ideas with their own traditions, maintaining significant autonomy and shaping hybrid political and cultural systems that developed long after Alexander’s death.

This study examines how acculturation and enculturation relate to first-language loss among bilingual young adults. Higher acculturation predicts weaker first-language skills but stronger English proficiency, while enculturation predicts better retention of the first language. Multigenerational households did not significantly prevent language loss, underscoring the delicate balance between adaptation and heritage preservation.