This research explores how Chinese Christian reformers contributed to humanitarian relief and rural reconstruction during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Through literacy programmes, public health initiatives, and community development, they demonstrated that religion could function not only as belief, but also as a practical response to social crisis.

This thesis examines the Soviet AIDS epidemic as a social and political crisis rather than solely a medical one. Through newspapers, diaries, and government documents, the research reveals how AIDS contributed to growing public distrust in Soviet institutions and became part of the broader crises preceding the collapse of the Soviet Union.