This research develops sustainable solid biofuels using organic waste instead of food crops. By recycling water and catalysts in a high-temperature process, it reduces energy consumption and improves fuel quality. The work addresses key challenges of feedstock and efficiency, advancing environmentally friendly alternatives for heating, power generation, and industry.

This research transforms agricultural waste into biochar-based activated carbon for batteries and supercapacitors. By replacing costly materials, it improves energy storage performance while reducing costs, offering a sustainable and affordable solution that turns waste into valuable resources for future energy technologies.